Kruger was appointed to the California Supreme Court in November , confirmed by the Commission on Judicial Appointments on December 22, , and sworn in by the Governor on January 5, Groban was appointed to the California Supreme Court in November , confirmed by the Commission on Judicial Appointments on December 21, , and sworn in by the Governor on January 3, Jenkins was appointed to the California Supreme Court in October , confirmed by the Commission on Judicial Appointments on November 10, , and sworn in by the Governor on December 4, The Honorable Carol A.
The Honorable Goodwin H. The Honorable Leondra R. The Honorable Joshua P. Roosevelt , who proposed the Judiciary Reorganization Bill of In what was seen as an attempt to allow New Deal legislation to stand, Roosevelt proposed appointing a new justice for every sitting justice over the age of This would have amounted to six new justices at the time. Later, the Reorganization Bill was passed without the additional justice provision. Unless a justice has recused from a case, he or she signs on to the opinion of the court.
Because of the deliberation that occurs regarding opinions, no court opinion is official until it is released to the public or more often, delivered in court. Assigning opinions is one of the most important tools the Chief Justice has for building consensus. The Chief Justice has the authority to write any opinion, in the majority or dissent.
From there, the Chief Justice may assign an opinion to an Associate Justice, and often wields this tool to attract a justice to an opinion. When any justice drafts an opinion, he or she must take into account the points of view of their colleagues. If the authoring justice deviates from the consensus, the other justices may draft concurring or dissenting opinions. The step of drafting opinions is confidential; the public is never aware of how a final opinion has changed from its original form.
Experts of the court, however, look to the final opinions, votes and how long it took to draft as signs to determine how an opinion changed from hearing to announcement. Associate Justices have seniority by appointment; if two justices are appointed in the same day, seniority is based on age. Seniority determines the order in which justices sit during oral argument, but also has interesting ramifications. For instance, the Associate Justice with the least seniority must answer the door to the conference room while justices are meeting and also takes notes.
During conference, when justices verbally announce their votes before opinions are drafted, they also speak in order of seniority. Department of Justice from — From — and —, he practiced law in Washington, D. President George W. He attended Conception Seminary from and received an A.
He was admitted to law practice in Missouri in , and served as an Assistant Attorney General of Missouri, ; an attorney with the Monsanto Company, ; and Legislative Assistant to Senator John Danforth, Department of Education, and as Chairman of the U.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Stephen G. Senate Judiciary Committee, —, and as Chief Counsel of the committee, — Samuel A. Alito, Jr. He served as a law clerk for Leonard I. He was Assistant U. Department of Justice, —, and U. Attorney, District of New Jersey, — Bush nominated him as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and he took his seat January 31, She earned a B.
In , she earned a J. In , President George H. Bush nominated her to the U. She received an A. She clerked for Judge Abner Mikva of the U. Court of Appeals for the D. Circuit from and for Justice Thurgood Marshall of the U.
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